Archive for the ‘Discourse’ Category
Approaches to DA
Understanding a language may lead to formalist and functionalist views of language. One can’t actually separate form from function in the study of any language. They may be like the two sides of a single coin.
Linguists use several different approaches in order to understand or construe language. Those approaches, as Schiffrin (1994) explains, are Speech Act Theory, Interactional Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Pragmatics, Conversation Analysis and Variation Analysis. Read the rest of this entry »
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Discourse Analysis (Take-home Test)
Students taking the mid exam on DISCOURSE ANALYSIS are supposed to conduct the following two small analyses.
1. Presented below is an interaction. Each utterance in the interaction can be interpreted as doing more than one speech act. Identify the speech acts that are being performed in the target utterances and how sequences of speech acts occur. Read the rest of this entry »
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Speech Acts Theory
This writing displays a pdf file which discusses Speech Acts Theory as one of the six approaches to discourse analysis contained in power point.
The discussion touches what speech act is, taxonomy of speech act, identifying speech act, segments of speech act and data for analysis.
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Approaches to Discourse Analysis
This writing provides a pdf file containing a general discussion on approaches to discourse analysis contained in power point.
The discussion only touches the general view on approaches to discourse analysis and the instruments which could be used to explain the phenomena in language use as provided in some data.
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Introduction, DA Overview & Definition of DA
This is the pdf version of Introduction, DA Overview and Definition of DA presented in power point. Syllabus, Learning Preparation, Broad Teaching Guideline and Course Contract are communicated at the start, then some sub discussions under Discourse Analysis are displayed here. Read the rest of this entry »
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GBBP and SAP of Discourse Analysis
GARIS-GARIS BESAR PROGRAM PENGAJARAN
Judul Mata Kuliah : Discourse Analysis
Kode MK/SKS :
Deskripsi MK : Mata kuliah Discourse Analysis mengkaji bagaimana mengorganisasi bahasa dalam kontek wacana. Materi
pembahasannya terkait dengan linguistics, sociology, rhetoric dan education dengan data dalam bentuk written atau
spoken.
TIU : Mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan mengenai wacana dan mampu menggunakan pengetahuannya untuk
mengorganisasi wacana baik tulis maupun lisan serta mampu melakukan analysis terhadapnya.
SATUAN ACARA PERKULIAHAN
Fakultas / Progdi : Bahasa / Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Kode MK :
Judul Mata kuliah : Discourse Analysis
Kelompok Kurikulum :
Kelompok MK :
SKS : 2
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Recognizing Speech Acts of Refusals
RECOGNIZING SPEECH ACTS OF REFUSALS
Liliek Soepriatmadji
Dosen Tetap FBIB Universitas Stikubank
ABSTRACT
This article discusses how a speaker should recognize refusals of requests in English. The choices of whether or not uttering refusals or the selection of expressions to be used in uttering the refusals could disrupt or maintain the interaction with language in progress. Therefore, a discussion on related theories needs to be presented in this article in the effort as to provide insights of significant aspects in uttering refusals of requests. It is a descriptive discussion that it only presents arguments on speech acts of refusals by reviewing its related theories. Speech Acts of Refusals (SARs) may gain much attention in the discussion since it is the central focus of the discussion. Conversational Principles and Face Threatening Acts of Politeness Theory are also touched because they also help the speaker to think of how to utter refusals of requests. Thought Patterns, on another side, culturally and pragmatically color the manner a speaker should utter refusals of requests in a given cultural context. Finally, the discussion also presents the degree of sensitiveness to social status, social distance and gender between the interlocutors in expressing refusals since those factors influence the choices of expressions of refusals.
Key words: Speech Acts of Refusals (SARs), Conversational Principles, FTA in Politeness Theory, Thought Patterns.
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Critical Review: Application Essay Genre
A CRITICAL REVIEW
Of “Application essays written by Vietnamese and American students: A contrastive genre-analysis”
Liliek Soepriatmadji
1. Statement-of-purpose as genre
Any genre analysis, including the one conducted by Hanh, can be valuable and clarificatory. The results of the analysis may help people experience and realize the discourse community—in Hanh’s study, the community of tertiary education. In a more specific way people may become aware of the share of certain language-using practices among the community of tertiary education, the stylistic conventions which regulate social interaction, the way experience is interpreted, the rhetorical developments, and the linguistically realized activities which comprises so much of the culture. Hawkes describes that situation in a short and interesting expression: ‘a world without a theory of genre is unthinkable, and untrue to experience’ (Hawkes, 1977:101). Hawkes’ expression, though very short, may actually show how important genre analysis is. To support Hawkes’ opinion about how valuable genre analysis is, Swales points out:
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Temporal Dimension and Hesitation Phenomena
A STUDY ON TEMPORAL DIMENSION AND HESITATION PHENOMENA
AS FOUND IN AN ENGLISH EXCHANGE
ABSTRACT
This thesis has two objectives: first, identifying the temporal dimension and hesitation phenomena emerging in an English exchange created by some English students of the English Study Program of Stikubank University. Second, explaining why temporal dimension and hesitation phenomena emerged in the exchange. In order to get the data, students randomly selected were asked to make an exchange about reason issue – thesis writing. This conversation was recorded, transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the analysis showed that the students could not avoid displaying temporal dimension and hesitation phenomena when they had to execute a task in an exchange. The temporal dimension of the exchange that the students performed were short pauses (21.1%), long pauses (5.1%), lengthening or drawls (1.9%) and unfinished speech (3.2%); the hesitation phenomena were indicated with filler (15.2%), cajoler (0.5%), gambit (1.9%), repeat oneself (19.3%) and other (10.4%), repair oneself (5.9%) and other (0.5%). The findings indicate that the speakers encountered difficulties and experienced hesitation in executing their task in the exchange. The phenomena indicate that the students’ speaking readiness is low. In other words, when communicating their ideas or feeling the students encountered a lot of problems that the communicative goal is difficult to achieve. These may be triggered by such factors as: (1) the need of time to collect information to participate in the exchange. (2) the cognitive difficulty in executing the task (3) the need of a time gaining device to select the intended lexical items (4) the want to facilitate the insufficient communication skill (5) the want to eliminate the hesitation and (6) the want to correct the unintended expression. The writer finally suggests that any reader interested in similar topic may conduct a study with a larger data that he or she could provide list of problems and suggest the method of teaching and the teaching materials.
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Conversational Analysis
THE CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNET
CHATTING AMONG PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
ABSTRACT
The study to discuss the role in exchange and the structure of conversation in relation discourse analysis. This conversation focuses on chatting in an internet. The objectives of this thesis are explaining how the exchanges are created in chatting and identifying the conversational structure of chatting. To collect the data, the writer used several steps: First, contacting three people, asking them to chat with people from abroad, asking the three people to conduct several chats and save them and finally printing the chats. The techniques of data analysis are analyzing the exchange. Those are segmenting the chats into utterances and categorizing the utterances into the classification of roles in exchange proposed by Halliday. Next is analyzing the discourse structure. That is used several steps: First, identifying the move of the chats. Second is labeling the move into its function. And for last, the writer are interpreting and providing explanation of the findings. The findings show that there are four basic types of speech function: Statement, Offer, Command, and Question. And some speech functions are classified under the categories of acceptance, compliance, acknowledgement, answer, disclaimer and contradiction. According to the excerpts, the participants used more statement and question rather than offer and commands. The reason is the speaker and the interlocutor are strangers. They never meet before. So, they need more information about each other. They use a little command because it used for close relationship. The structure in all of the data consists of three main stages. Those are opening stage, middle stage, and closing stage. An opening stage used greeting and introducing to start the conversation. The middle chat usually consists of Information Provide and Information Seek. Because, between the participant need more information. The last is closing stage. They are Pre Closing and Real Closing. But sometimes, there is no pre closing. Because one of the participants is not interested with the topic. So, he or she decided to finish the conversation. Clearly, we can see in table of Chat 2 of the excerpts. So, the structure of chatting from all of the data is then could be written as follows: OS [ G ^ Introd. ] ^ MS [Tr. ^ Content ] ^ CS [ ( Pre Cl. ) ^ Real Cl. ].
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